Et in Arcadia Ego 3
62 battels
the account contracted in the college, the terminal bills for rooms, coal, tuition, subscriptions and so forth, and for food and drink
62 ducks and drakes
expensive and profitless pleasures. Originally it was the name of the game in which one tries to bounce pebbles across the flat surface of an expanse of water, an activity that was condemned in Puritan times as idle play.
62 Its all done by lawyers ... and I suppose they embezzle a lot.
As with many rich aristocrats, Sebastian appears neglectful of his own finances. In fact he has his own banking account until his family stop it when they begin to suspect he is developing alcoholism (Sebastian mentions this action on page 152). He then develops ingenious ways of gaining money to finance his addiction. Why Sebastian should think he never gets much money and doesn't get a regular allowance is, in the circumstances, obscure. If there is any truth in it, he has an obvious remedy : contact his father, who would gladly arrange a bountiful allowance if only to spite his wife.
Sebastian is more conscious about the lawyers than young men usually are probably because the Flytes would need them to facilitate the separation arrangements triggered by Lord Marchmain's defection. The idea that the lawyers systematically embezzle money (it will be echoed in Rex's words later) is undoubtedly far-fetched, though no doubt they would ensure they received more than adequate recompense for their trouble. Lawyers as trustees are proverbially tight-fisted in handing out money so Sebastian may draw less of an allowance than a young aristocrat expects to get.
The idea that Sebastian sponges on Charles is perhaps a distasteful thought, but there seems some truth in it.
62 Dresden figures
popular and delicate porcelain figures made at or inspired by the Meissen factory in Germany. Well-liked in England were ones of ladies and gentlemen acting out lives of shepherds, shepherdesses, etc., in unrealistic finery.
63 mandarin-tread
with small, shuffling steps supposedly reminiscent of those of a high-ranking Chinese official.
63 frogged
i.e. with loops instead of buttonholes
63 Sonerscheins
a London dealer in antiques. I have not yet been able to track down its location, or indeed any information on it.
63 terra-cotta bull of the fifth century
This statue is Etruscan, we later learn, and therefore from the fifth century before Christ. Terracotta is a reddish-brown clay often used in Etruscan and later pottery.
I have never seen an example of an Etruscan terracotta bull, but many exist from ancient Greece, the Middle East and India. (I am not saying they do not exist!) There are however Etruscan paintings of bulls, especially in the Tomb of the Bulls excavated at Tarquinia from the 1890s. EW may have these in his mind, especially as the sexual nature of the paintings in this tomb was a matter for broad-minded discussion in the 1920s.
63 whiskey
In British editions of the novel this word is spelt whisky. The distinction is that whiskey is Irish and whisky Scotch. In a middle-class English household at this time they would almost always buy Scotch, as ninety per cent still do today. One can understand a Boston publisher preferring the Irish spelling!
63 reading parties
groups of students who go away with a tutor to a congenial location, supposedly to continue their studies
64 Barbison
Barbizon (so spelt in most editions) is a town 30 miles south-east of Paris. It gave its name in the mid-19th century to a community of artists led by Théodore Rousseau, Constant Troyon and Charles-François Daubigny. Loosely associated with them were such artists as Jean-François Millet and Camille Corot. They painted animals and landscapes with considerable accuracy while trying to convey character and mood. They were realist but also foreshadowed the Impressionists in their concerns. The groups paintings were rising in public estimation in the early 20th century.
64 sketching club
Mr Ryder's description is accurate in depicting the fashions and preoccupations common in his youth some thirty or forty years before.
64 pepper-and-salt knickerbockers
Knickerbockers are short, baggy trousers gathered and restrained at the knees. Pepper-and-salt is the name of a type of cloth made of dark and light wools so that each colour appears as small dots.
64 holland umbrellas
Holland is a kind of strong linen which is also used for upholstery.
64 In Queer Street?
Mr Ryder's list reads like an entry from Roget's Thesaurus, but isn't. Queer Street is a criminal expression of some antiquity to describe financial difficulties. It seems likely that it derives from Carey Street, the London street where the bankruptcy courts were.
64 Jermyn Street
a street in London containing offices run by moneylenders, among other people
64 note of hand
a promissory note, i.e. an agreement promising payment of a sum of money at a stated time
64 Lombardic breviary
A breviary is a daily prayer book for Catholics, especially priests, containing hymns, psalms and prayers.
The Lombard's came into Italy around A.D. 570 and lost their distinctiveness by 800, but their influence in Italy remained profound. Amongst other things they gave their name to a type of handwriting script. There has been considerable discussion among modern scholars as to quite what the Lombardic script was and when it flourished. It is now generally agreed that that it was current in northern Italy in the seventh and eighth centuries. But this restricted meaning is probably not what EW understood by Lombardic. In his time the term was applied more widely and was attached also to what today is called the Beneventan script, the writing of southern Italy, which developed first in the eighth century and then was promoted strongly by the monasteries of Monte Cassino and La Cava. Because it was difficult in comparison with other scripts, the Church discouraged its use from the 13th century onwards though its manuscripts are often beautiful.
The two pages of papyrus that Mr Ryder found in the breviary are probably early Christian texts, and would be of interest to scholars. It is not clear whether Mr Ryder's glee is because of this importance or because he has got more for his money.
64 épergne
a table centrepiece which might be used for fruit or sweets
65 garden-room
a room which looks out onto the garden, rather like what is called a conservatory today though it need not be an extension
65 Bayswater Road
an indication of where in London Charles lived. Bayswater is an area where prosperous Victorians built large, comfortable houses.
65 before the mast
It actually means that cousin Melchior worked as an ordinary sailor.
66 rusks
Rusks are large, hard biscuits which quickly soften into a mess when eaten. They are therefore considered ideal for children who are being weaned. Before this stage they are often served to them in a bowl with milk. Their attractive corn taste made them a favourite with many older people, as here.
66 smoking suit
In 1923 it was still common in society for men to wear a special jacket when they smoked. This practice had the advantages of preventing ash from dropping on their proper clothes and of reducing the smell which the clothes underneath would otherwise give off.
It was also the practice for men to wear smoking jackets when they presided at their own table, even when all other men wore formal dress. Nowadays the term smoking jacket is frequently used for an informal, comfortable one.
66 You should go to the play as part of your education.
Mr Ryder's own father would not easily have expressed this admirable sentiment. The theatre had only comparatively recently changed in the minds of the middle class from a place of intolerable vice to a place of wholesome entertainment; and indeed not all minds had made the change.
67 a three-course dinner was middle-class
The middle class meal would have been soup, meat and sweet. The Ryders are of course eating a four-course meal, plus (no doubt) a post-prandial drink and (possibly but not certainly) coffee. Mr Ryder goes on to explain the format. A concern with not appearing middle-class is in itself not a certain indicator of the Ryders being aristocratic, but they are certainly from a landed family.
67 in lapidary form
as if cut in stone, i.e. with an impressiveness and clarity which appears to be valid for generations to come
68 lived there during my school terms
i.e. because Charles was away from home at his boarding school and Aunt Philippa could not endure residing with his father alone. Once Charles was as good as through school, she left for Italy.
68 Jorkins
Jorkins appears also in Charles Ryders Schooldays, the short story EW wrote soon after BR but never wanted to publish. The story is far too esoteric for general consumption, dealing as it does with minutiae of schoolboy life in an exclusive school; indeed one would need to have gone to Lancing College, EW's old school, in order to understand it easily. In the short story Jorkins is a rather sad boy who gets snubbed by Charles and his companions.
69 tail coat
Often called tails, this is a formal black coat for a man, cut short at the front and with two long tails at the back.
69 dinner jacket
English term for a tuxedo. Until well into the 20th century, the English upper classes considered it bad form to wear a tuxedo at all. In situations where others considered a tuxedo suitable, they would wear tails. Younger men were changing this standard by 1923 but Mr Ryder still adheres to it. EW pretended to be affronted by dinner jackets at his daughters coming out ball as late as 1956.
69 Sussex Square
certainly less than a mile away
69 came ... a cropper
English slang for suffering an embarrassing failure. The term comes from riding : it is when you fall off a horse very badly, geberally forwards over the neck and crop.
69 folded up
To Englishmen of the 1920s this was a distinctively American phrase. (It had not reached an Oxford Dictionary that I possess which was published in 1959.)
69 translating pounds into dollars
From 1918 to 1923 the rate fluctuated at around four dollars to the pound. It was fixed at its pre-war rate of 4.86 when Britain went back on the gold standard in 1925, though this high level proved unsustainable.
70 your national game cricket
No American needs to be told that cricket is not a national game of the United States. Charles thinks that his father went too far with this joke, but in fact Jorkins is so confused that he still does not seize the opportunity to clear the situation up.
70 cross the herring-pond
a dreadful cliché for cross the Atlantic, a usage which must have enlightened even Jorkins - too late.
70 Westminster Abbey
a favourite tourist target in London
71 British Museum
the celebrated national repository of learning and antiquities, founded in London in 1753
71 monoglot
i.e. he could speak only German, his own language
72 Bordighera
a seaside town in the Italian Riviera between Monaco and San Remo. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it was a favoured resort for wealthy British visitors, some of whom put down permanent roots. They have almost all gone now.
72 Darwin
the capital of the Northern Territory of Australia.
72 BRIDESHEAD CASTLE, WILTSHIRE
Now we learn in which county Brideshead is situated. It is still not quite clear which River Avon it is near : it is not the Warwickshire Avon but both remaining candidates pass through
Wiltshire.
73 telegram
a message by telegraph, a service supplied by the General Post Office which ensured that an urgent message was delivered by telephone and then by hand within a short time. Made obsolete by the general diffusion of the telephone, it was discontinued on 1st October 1982.
73 Zoo
The London Zoo at Regents Park is within easy walking distance of Bayswater.
74 in holy orders
i.e. a priest
74 Paddington Station
the major London rail terminus which serves the West of England. Paddington is only a short journey from Bayswater.
74 bookstalls shut
In the 1920s the observance of Sunday was far more complete than it is today and indeed not only enjoined by the Church but enforced by the law of the land. Today there are still pockets of habitation which have their own observances.
74 Reading
a large town on the railway line to Oxford, Swindon and Bristol. The Great Western Railway Company owned this line, originally designed and built by the famous engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859).
75 Melstead Carbury
There is no such place. EW does not say where Charles changed to a local line, but it is most probably Swindon - he would have had time for dinner between Reading and Swindon. There is a local line from Swindon which goes through Chippenham and Melksham to Trowbridge and Bradford-on-Avon. This is the Avon that enters the Bristol Channel through the Avon Gorge : as a result it is the likeliest candidate for Bridesheads Avon. One cannot determine which town, if any, served as a model for Melstead Carbury, though Iain Gale (in Waugh's World) places Brideshead Castle near Chippenham.
75 the most enormous fuss
Julia's sisterly disdain of Sebastian's injury gives yet another view of Sebastian quite early in the novel. For her he is a troublesome, self-centred pest. Cordelia's later statement that only she and Charles loved Sebastian appears to be true
.
75 croquet
a lawn game requiring mallets, heavy balls, and metal hoops called wickets which are stuck into the lawn
77 grisaille
a mode of painting in which only tones of grey are used, to monumental effect
77 spacious octagon
a room with eight sides
77 wreathed medallions
oval or round painted panels in decorative framing based on patterns suggested by plant forms
77 Pompeian figures
These figures are derived from statues dug up at Pompeii or from paintings on the walls there. There was a craze in Europe for Pompeian style after the first excavations of Pompeii, beginning in 1749, revealed art of stunning quality : it reached a peak in the nineteenth century and especially affected architecture though also fashion.
77 ormolu
an alloy of copper and zinc used for mouldings and for metal fittings on furniture
77 candelabrum
a large candleholder with several arms (plural : candelabra). As it is hanging one perhaps thinks it is a chandelier, but it is probably too small (and possibly low) to be one.
77 sconces
A sconce is a small candleholder fixed to the wall or a piece of furniture (e.g. a piano).
78 halma
a board game much the same as Chinese chequers
78 All Clear
During World War II, a wailing note from the sirens which continuously rose and fell announced that air raids were imminent. The All Clear was sounded when the danger was over and consisted of a single continuous note.
the account contracted in the college, the terminal bills for rooms, coal, tuition, subscriptions and so forth, and for food and drink
62 ducks and drakes
expensive and profitless pleasures. Originally it was the name of the game in which one tries to bounce pebbles across the flat surface of an expanse of water, an activity that was condemned in Puritan times as idle play.
62 Its all done by lawyers ... and I suppose they embezzle a lot.
As with many rich aristocrats, Sebastian appears neglectful of his own finances. In fact he has his own banking account until his family stop it when they begin to suspect he is developing alcoholism (Sebastian mentions this action on page 152). He then develops ingenious ways of gaining money to finance his addiction. Why Sebastian should think he never gets much money and doesn't get a regular allowance is, in the circumstances, obscure. If there is any truth in it, he has an obvious remedy : contact his father, who would gladly arrange a bountiful allowance if only to spite his wife.
Sebastian is more conscious about the lawyers than young men usually are probably because the Flytes would need them to facilitate the separation arrangements triggered by Lord Marchmain's defection. The idea that the lawyers systematically embezzle money (it will be echoed in Rex's words later) is undoubtedly far-fetched, though no doubt they would ensure they received more than adequate recompense for their trouble. Lawyers as trustees are proverbially tight-fisted in handing out money so Sebastian may draw less of an allowance than a young aristocrat expects to get.
The idea that Sebastian sponges on Charles is perhaps a distasteful thought, but there seems some truth in it.
62 Dresden figures
popular and delicate porcelain figures made at or inspired by the Meissen factory in Germany. Well-liked in England were ones of ladies and gentlemen acting out lives of shepherds, shepherdesses, etc., in unrealistic finery.
63 mandarin-tread
with small, shuffling steps supposedly reminiscent of those of a high-ranking Chinese official.
63 frogged
i.e. with loops instead of buttonholes
63 Sonerscheins
a London dealer in antiques. I have not yet been able to track down its location, or indeed any information on it.
63 terra-cotta bull of the fifth century
This statue is Etruscan, we later learn, and therefore from the fifth century before Christ. Terracotta is a reddish-brown clay often used in Etruscan and later pottery.
I have never seen an example of an Etruscan terracotta bull, but many exist from ancient Greece, the Middle East and India. (I am not saying they do not exist!) There are however Etruscan paintings of bulls, especially in the Tomb of the Bulls excavated at Tarquinia from the 1890s. EW may have these in his mind, especially as the sexual nature of the paintings in this tomb was a matter for broad-minded discussion in the 1920s.
63 whiskey
In British editions of the novel this word is spelt whisky. The distinction is that whiskey is Irish and whisky Scotch. In a middle-class English household at this time they would almost always buy Scotch, as ninety per cent still do today. One can understand a Boston publisher preferring the Irish spelling!
63 reading parties
groups of students who go away with a tutor to a congenial location, supposedly to continue their studies
64 Barbison
Barbizon (so spelt in most editions) is a town 30 miles south-east of Paris. It gave its name in the mid-19th century to a community of artists led by Théodore Rousseau, Constant Troyon and Charles-François Daubigny. Loosely associated with them were such artists as Jean-François Millet and Camille Corot. They painted animals and landscapes with considerable accuracy while trying to convey character and mood. They were realist but also foreshadowed the Impressionists in their concerns. The groups paintings were rising in public estimation in the early 20th century.
64 sketching club
Mr Ryder's description is accurate in depicting the fashions and preoccupations common in his youth some thirty or forty years before.
64 pepper-and-salt knickerbockers
Knickerbockers are short, baggy trousers gathered and restrained at the knees. Pepper-and-salt is the name of a type of cloth made of dark and light wools so that each colour appears as small dots.
64 holland umbrellas
Holland is a kind of strong linen which is also used for upholstery.
64 In Queer Street?
Mr Ryder's list reads like an entry from Roget's Thesaurus, but isn't. Queer Street is a criminal expression of some antiquity to describe financial difficulties. It seems likely that it derives from Carey Street, the London street where the bankruptcy courts were.
64 Jermyn Street
a street in London containing offices run by moneylenders, among other people
64 note of hand
a promissory note, i.e. an agreement promising payment of a sum of money at a stated time
64 Lombardic breviary
A breviary is a daily prayer book for Catholics, especially priests, containing hymns, psalms and prayers.
The Lombard's came into Italy around A.D. 570 and lost their distinctiveness by 800, but their influence in Italy remained profound. Amongst other things they gave their name to a type of handwriting script. There has been considerable discussion among modern scholars as to quite what the Lombardic script was and when it flourished. It is now generally agreed that that it was current in northern Italy in the seventh and eighth centuries. But this restricted meaning is probably not what EW understood by Lombardic. In his time the term was applied more widely and was attached also to what today is called the Beneventan script, the writing of southern Italy, which developed first in the eighth century and then was promoted strongly by the monasteries of Monte Cassino and La Cava. Because it was difficult in comparison with other scripts, the Church discouraged its use from the 13th century onwards though its manuscripts are often beautiful.
The two pages of papyrus that Mr Ryder found in the breviary are probably early Christian texts, and would be of interest to scholars. It is not clear whether Mr Ryder's glee is because of this importance or because he has got more for his money.
64 épergne
a table centrepiece which might be used for fruit or sweets
65 garden-room
a room which looks out onto the garden, rather like what is called a conservatory today though it need not be an extension
65 Bayswater Road
an indication of where in London Charles lived. Bayswater is an area where prosperous Victorians built large, comfortable houses.
65 before the mast
It actually means that cousin Melchior worked as an ordinary sailor.
66 rusks
Rusks are large, hard biscuits which quickly soften into a mess when eaten. They are therefore considered ideal for children who are being weaned. Before this stage they are often served to them in a bowl with milk. Their attractive corn taste made them a favourite with many older people, as here.
66 smoking suit
In 1923 it was still common in society for men to wear a special jacket when they smoked. This practice had the advantages of preventing ash from dropping on their proper clothes and of reducing the smell which the clothes underneath would otherwise give off.
It was also the practice for men to wear smoking jackets when they presided at their own table, even when all other men wore formal dress. Nowadays the term smoking jacket is frequently used for an informal, comfortable one.
66 You should go to the play as part of your education.
Mr Ryder's own father would not easily have expressed this admirable sentiment. The theatre had only comparatively recently changed in the minds of the middle class from a place of intolerable vice to a place of wholesome entertainment; and indeed not all minds had made the change.
67 a three-course dinner was middle-class
The middle class meal would have been soup, meat and sweet. The Ryders are of course eating a four-course meal, plus (no doubt) a post-prandial drink and (possibly but not certainly) coffee. Mr Ryder goes on to explain the format. A concern with not appearing middle-class is in itself not a certain indicator of the Ryders being aristocratic, but they are certainly from a landed family.
67 in lapidary form
as if cut in stone, i.e. with an impressiveness and clarity which appears to be valid for generations to come
68 lived there during my school terms
i.e. because Charles was away from home at his boarding school and Aunt Philippa could not endure residing with his father alone. Once Charles was as good as through school, she left for Italy.
68 Jorkins
Jorkins appears also in Charles Ryders Schooldays, the short story EW wrote soon after BR but never wanted to publish. The story is far too esoteric for general consumption, dealing as it does with minutiae of schoolboy life in an exclusive school; indeed one would need to have gone to Lancing College, EW's old school, in order to understand it easily. In the short story Jorkins is a rather sad boy who gets snubbed by Charles and his companions.
69 tail coat
Often called tails, this is a formal black coat for a man, cut short at the front and with two long tails at the back.
69 dinner jacket
English term for a tuxedo. Until well into the 20th century, the English upper classes considered it bad form to wear a tuxedo at all. In situations where others considered a tuxedo suitable, they would wear tails. Younger men were changing this standard by 1923 but Mr Ryder still adheres to it. EW pretended to be affronted by dinner jackets at his daughters coming out ball as late as 1956.
69 Sussex Square
certainly less than a mile away
69 came ... a cropper
English slang for suffering an embarrassing failure. The term comes from riding : it is when you fall off a horse very badly, geberally forwards over the neck and crop.
69 folded up
To Englishmen of the 1920s this was a distinctively American phrase. (It had not reached an Oxford Dictionary that I possess which was published in 1959.)
69 translating pounds into dollars
From 1918 to 1923 the rate fluctuated at around four dollars to the pound. It was fixed at its pre-war rate of 4.86 when Britain went back on the gold standard in 1925, though this high level proved unsustainable.
70 your national game cricket
No American needs to be told that cricket is not a national game of the United States. Charles thinks that his father went too far with this joke, but in fact Jorkins is so confused that he still does not seize the opportunity to clear the situation up.
70 cross the herring-pond
a dreadful cliché for cross the Atlantic, a usage which must have enlightened even Jorkins - too late.
70 Westminster Abbey
a favourite tourist target in London
 |
| Westminster Abbey, London, 1920s |
71 British Museum
the celebrated national repository of learning and antiquities, founded in London in 1753
71 monoglot
i.e. he could speak only German, his own language
72 Bordighera
a seaside town in the Italian Riviera between Monaco and San Remo. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries it was a favoured resort for wealthy British visitors, some of whom put down permanent roots. They have almost all gone now.
72 Darwin
the capital of the Northern Territory of Australia.
72 BRIDESHEAD CASTLE, WILTSHIRE
Now we learn in which county Brideshead is situated. It is still not quite clear which River Avon it is near : it is not the Warwickshire Avon but both remaining candidates pass through
Wiltshire.
73 telegram
a message by telegraph, a service supplied by the General Post Office which ensured that an urgent message was delivered by telephone and then by hand within a short time. Made obsolete by the general diffusion of the telephone, it was discontinued on 1st October 1982.
73 Zoo
The London Zoo at Regents Park is within easy walking distance of Bayswater.
74 in holy orders
i.e. a priest
74 Paddington Station
the major London rail terminus which serves the West of England. Paddington is only a short journey from Bayswater.
74 bookstalls shut
In the 1920s the observance of Sunday was far more complete than it is today and indeed not only enjoined by the Church but enforced by the law of the land. Today there are still pockets of habitation which have their own observances.
74 Reading
a large town on the railway line to Oxford, Swindon and Bristol. The Great Western Railway Company owned this line, originally designed and built by the famous engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859).
75 Melstead Carbury
There is no such place. EW does not say where Charles changed to a local line, but it is most probably Swindon - he would have had time for dinner between Reading and Swindon. There is a local line from Swindon which goes through Chippenham and Melksham to Trowbridge and Bradford-on-Avon. This is the Avon that enters the Bristol Channel through the Avon Gorge : as a result it is the likeliest candidate for Bridesheads Avon. One cannot determine which town, if any, served as a model for Melstead Carbury, though Iain Gale (in Waugh's World) places Brideshead Castle near Chippenham.
75 the most enormous fuss
Julia's sisterly disdain of Sebastian's injury gives yet another view of Sebastian quite early in the novel. For her he is a troublesome, self-centred pest. Cordelia's later statement that only she and Charles loved Sebastian appears to be true
.
75 croquet
a lawn game requiring mallets, heavy balls, and metal hoops called wickets which are stuck into the lawn
77 grisaille
a mode of painting in which only tones of grey are used, to monumental effect
77 spacious octagon
a room with eight sides
77 wreathed medallions
oval or round painted panels in decorative framing based on patterns suggested by plant forms
77 Pompeian figures
These figures are derived from statues dug up at Pompeii or from paintings on the walls there. There was a craze in Europe for Pompeian style after the first excavations of Pompeii, beginning in 1749, revealed art of stunning quality : it reached a peak in the nineteenth century and especially affected architecture though also fashion.
77 ormolu
an alloy of copper and zinc used for mouldings and for metal fittings on furniture
77 candelabrum
a large candleholder with several arms (plural : candelabra). As it is hanging one perhaps thinks it is a chandelier, but it is probably too small (and possibly low) to be one.
77 sconces
A sconce is a small candleholder fixed to the wall or a piece of furniture (e.g. a piano).
78 halma
a board game much the same as Chinese chequers
78 All Clear
During World War II, a wailing note from the sirens which continuously rose and fell announced that air raids were imminent. The All Clear was sounded when the danger was over and consisted of a single continuous note.
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